Generalized Raychaudhuri equations: Examples
نویسندگان
چکیده
منابع مشابه
Generalized Raychaudhuri Equations for Strings and Membranes
A recent generalisation of the Raychaudhuri equations for timelike geodesic congruences to families of D dimensional extremal, timelike, Nambu–Goto surfaces embedded in an N dimensional Lorentzian background is reviewed. Specialising to D = 2 (i.e the case of string worldsheets) we reduce the equation for the generalised expansion θa, (a = σ, τ) to a second order, linear, hyperbolic partial dif...
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The generalised Raychaudhuri equations derived by Capovilla and Guven are exclusively for extremal, timelike Nambu–Goto membranes. In this article, we construct the corresponding equations for string world–sheets in the presence of a background Kalb–Ramond field. We analyse the full set of equations by concentrating on special cases in which the generalised shear or the generalised rotation or ...
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A coupled system of non-linear partial differential equations is presented which describes non-perturbatively the evolution of deformations of a relativistic membrane of arbitrary dimension, D, in an arbitrary background spacetime. These equations can be considered from a formal point of view as higher dimensional analogs of the Raychaudhuri equations for point particles to which they are shown...
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The Mori-Zwanzig formalism is an effective tool to derive differential equations describing the evolution of a small number of resolved variables. In this paper we present its application to the derivation of generalized Langevin equations and generalized non-Markovian Fokker-Planck equations. We show how long time scales rates and metastable basins can be extracted from these equations. Numeri...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Physical Review D
سال: 1996
ISSN: 0556-2821,1089-4918
DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.53.2071